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The Tea Party movement is an American political movement known for its conservative positions and its role in the Republican Party. Members of the movement have called for a reduction of the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing government spending. In addition, they have also called for lowering taxes.〔(Gallup: Tea Party's top concerns are debt, size of government ) ''The Hill'', July 5, 2010〕〔Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 12, 2010). (Tea Party DC March: "Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill" ). ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved November 5, 2011.〕 The movement opposes government-sponsored universal healthcare〔Roy, Avik. April 7, 2012. (The Tea Party's Plan for Replacing Obamacare ). ''Forbes.'' Retrieved: March 6, 2015.〕 and has been described as a mixture of libertarian,〔 populist,〔 and conservative activists.〔 It has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since 2009.〔〔〔 Various polls have found that slightly over 10% of Americans identify as members.〔 The movement began following Barack Obama's first presidential inauguration (in January 2009) when his administration announced plans to give financial aid to bankrupt homeowners. Following calls by Rick Santelli for a "tea party" by Chicago bond-dealers, conservative groups coalesced around the idea of protesting against Obama's agenda and a series of protests took place, including the 2009 Taxpayer March on Washington. Supporters of the movement subsequently had a major impact on the internal politics of the Republican Party. The movement's name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773, a turning-point in the American struggle for independence from Great Britain.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Ten economic protests that changed history )〕 The original Tea Party protesters demonstrated against taxation by the British without political representation for the American colonists, and references to the Boston Tea Party occurred in Tax Day protests held in the 1990s and before.〔 〕 ==Agenda== (詳細はThe Tea Party has generally sought to avoid placing too much emphasis on traditional conservative social issues. National Tea Party organizations, such as the Tea Party Patriots and FreedomWorks, have expressed concern that engaging in social issues would be divisive.〔 Instead, they have sought to have activists focus their efforts away from social issues and focus on economic and limited government issues.〔(Tea Partiers shaking up races across country ); KTVB News; January 28, 2010〕 Still, many groups like Glenn Beck's 9/12 Tea Parties, TeaParty.org, the Iowa Tea Party and Delaware Patriot Organizations do act on social issues such as abortion, gun control, prayer in schools, and illegal immigration.〔〔 The Tea Party generally focuses on a significant reduction in the size and scope of the government. Tea Party members generally advocate a national economy operating without government oversight.〔"Economic Freedom | Tea Party Patriots." Tea Party Patriots. N.p., n.d. Web. June 6, 2014. Even though the groups have a wide range of different goals, the Tea Party places its view of the Constitution at the center of its reform agenda.〔〔Schmidt〕〔(Tea-ing Up the Constitution ); New York Times; Adam Liptak, March 13, 2010〕 It urges the return of government as intended by some of the Founding Fathers. It also seeks to teach its view of the Constitution and other founding documents.〔 Scholars have described its interpretation variously as originalist, popular,〔(The Tea Party Movement and Popular Constitutionalism ); Northwestern University Law Review; Ilya Somin; December 6, 2011〕 or a unique combination of the two.〔Rebecca E. Zietlow, law professor at the University of Toledo College of Law, characterizes the Tea Party's constitutional position as a combination of two schools of thought: "originalism" and "popular constitutionalism." "Tea Party activists have invoked the Constitution as the foundation of their conservative political philosophy. These activists are engaged in 'popular originalism,' using popular constitutionalism — constitutional interpretation outside of the courts — to invoke originalism as interpretive method." (Zietlow, Rebecca E. ("Popular Originalism? The Tea Party Movement and Constitutional Theory." ) ''Florida Law Review,'' Vol. 64, p. 483 (2012).0〕〔(The Tea Party and the Constitution ); Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly; Christopher W. Schmidt; May 9, 2012〕 Reliance on the Constitution is selective and inconsistent. Adherents cite it, yet do so more as a cultural reference rather than out of commitment to the text, which they seek to alter.〔''The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism''; Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson; Oxford University Press; 2012; Pgs. 50-51〕〔(Cultures of the Tea Party ); Contexts May 2011 vol. 10 no. 2; Andrew J. Perrin, Stephen J. Tepper; Pgs. 7-8〕〔(Boiling Mad: Inside Tea Party America ); Kate Zernike; Macmillan Publishers; 2010; Pages 67-68〕〔(Laying Claim to the Constitution: The Promise of New Textualism ); Virginia Law Review; James E. Ryan; November 2011; Page 19-20〕〔''The Tea Party: A Brief History''; Formisano, Ronald; The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2012; Page 52〕 Several constitutional amendments have been targeted by some in the movement for full or partial repeal, including the 14th, 16th, and 17th. There has also been support for a proposed Repeal Amendment, which would enable a two-thirds majority of the states to repeal federal laws, and a Balanced Budget Amendment, to limit deficit spending.〔(Foley, Elizabeth Price, "Sovereignty, Rebalanced: The Tea Party and Constitutional Amendments" (August 3, 2011). ''Tennessee Law Review,'' Vol. 78, p. 751, 2011 )〕 One attempt at forming a list of what Tea Partiers wanted Congress to do resulted in the ''Contract from America''. It was a legislative agenda created by conservative activist Ryan Hecker with the assistance of Dick Armey of FreedomWorks. Armey had co-written the previous Contract with America released by the Republican Party during the 1994 midterm elections. One thousand agenda ideas that had been submitted were narrowed down to twenty-one non-social issues. Participants then voted in an online campaign in which they were asked to select their favorite policy planks. The results were released as a ten-point Tea Party platform. The Contract from America was met with some support within the Republican Party, but it was not broadly embraced by GOP leadership, which released its own 'Pledge to America'.〔 In the aftermath of the 2012 American elections, some Tea Party activists have taken up more traditionally populist ideological viewpoints on issues that are distinct from general conservative views. Examples are various Tea Party demonstrators sometimes coming out in favor of U.S. immigration reform as well as for raising the U.S. minimum wage.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tea Party movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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